Biotransformation of quercetin by Gliocladium deliquescens NRRL 1086 / 中国天然药物

With an attempt to synthesize high-value isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside), we carried out the biotransformation of quercetin (1) by Gliocladium deliquescens NRRL 1086. Along with the aimed product quercetin 3-O-β-D-glycoside (2), three additional metabolites, 2-protocatechuoyl-phlorogucinol carboxylic acid (3), 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid (4), and protocatechuic acid (5), were also isolated. The time-course experiments revealed that there were two metabolic routes, regio-selectivity glycosylation and quercetin 2,3-dioxygenation, co-existing in the culture. Both glycosylation and oxidative cleavage rapidly took place after quercetin feeding; about 98% quercetin were consumed within the initial 8 h and the oxdized product (2-protocatechuoyl-phlorogucinol carboxylic acid) was hydrolyzed into two phenolic compounds (2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid and protocatechuic acid). We also investigated the impact of glucose content and metal ions on the two reactions and found that high concentrations of glucose significantly inhibited the oxidative cleavage and improved the yield of isoquercitrin and that Ca, Fe, Mn, Mg, and Zn inhibited glycosylation. To test the promiscuity of this culture, we selected other four flavonols as substrates; the results demonstrated its high regio-selectivity glycosylation ability towards flavonols at C-3 hydroxyl. In conclusion, our findings indicated that the versatile microbe of G. deliquescens NRRL 1086 maitained abundant enzymes, deserving further research.

Diversity synthesis of tetrahydroprotoberberines glycosides by combined chemical and microbial catalysis / 中国天然药物

The present study was designed to construct the structurally diverse library of tetrahydroprotoberberines (THPBs) by combining the methods of chemical nonselective demethylation and microbial glycosylation. HPLC-MS/MS analyses tentatively identified 12 de-methylated and 9 glycosylated derivates of THPBs and 5 rarely oxidized glycosides of THPBs in the library. Through this effort, we achieved not only a variety of the THPBs and their glycosides but also tested the catalytic characteristics and capabilities of G. deliquescens NRRL 1086.

Glycosylation and sulfation of emodin by Gliocladium deliquescens NRRL 1086 / 中国天然药物

The present study was designed to explore the substrate scope and biocatalytic capability of Gliocladium deliquescens NRRL 1086 on phenolic natural products. Emodin was subjected to the fermentation culture of Gliocladium deliquescens NRRL 1086 according to the standard two-stage protocol. The biotransformation process was monitored by HPLC-DAD-MS, the main product was isolated by column chromatography, and the structure was elucidated on the basis of NMR spectroscopy. Emodin could be fully metabolized by Gliocladium deliquescens NRRL 1086, resulting in high yield of emodin 6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and small amount of sulfated product. In conclusion, our results may provide a convenient method to prepare emodin 6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and the microbe catalyzed glucosylation/sulfation will give an inspiration to pharmacokinetic model studies in vitro.

Identification and Characterization of Gliocladium viride Isolated from Mushroom Fly Infested Oak Log Beds Used for Shiitake Cultivation

A green mold species that has not previously been reported in Korea was isolated from oak log beds used for shiitake (Lentinula edodes) cultivation that were infested by mushroom flies. In this study, we identify the mold species as Gliocladium viride (an anamorph of Hypocrea lutea) and describe its mycological properties. The fungus was cottony on both potato dextrose agar (PDA) and Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA), but was colored white on PDA and became yellowish green and brown on CYA. Mycelial growth on PDA attained a diameter of 73 mm at 30degrees C after 5 days. The fungus grew faster on malt extract agar (> 80 mm, 5 days at 25degrees C) compared to CYA and PDA (< 68 mm, 5 days at 25degrees C). Penicillate conidiophores of the fungus are hyaline, smooth walled, branching above typically in four stages, and 120~240 microm in length. Club-shaped or slender phialides are formed on the metulae. Conidia of the fungus were ovate and elliptic, yellowish brown and green, and 2.5~3.0 microm x 1.8~2.3 microm in size. Typically, slimy conidia are formed in a mass and colored brown to dark green to almost black. The internal transcribed spacer rDNA and translation elongation factor 1 alpha gene sequences of the fungus isolated here show 99% identity with previously identified G. viride strains.

[Survey of storage wheat contamination to zearalenone producer Fusarium species in East Azarbaidgjan]

Contamination of storage wheat to zearalenone producer molds represents a significant hazard to consumer health and has thus received increasing attention from food safety authorities and legislators. Various species of Fusarium genus are producer of different mycotoxins including zearalenone at certain conditions. These mycotoxins can enter into the human food and animal feed chain and cause premature or early thelarche, gynecomastia, primary and secondary mycotoxicosis in humans and animals. In this survey, contamination of 162 randomly collected wheat samples to zearalenone producer Fusarium was investigated using direct microscopic examination and culturing samples in specific media. From studied 162 collected wheat samples, 160 [99%] samples had fungal contamination. Aspergillus niger, Penicillium Sp, other species of Asergillus [A. Fumigatus, A. Flavous, A. Niveus, A. cchraceus,..] Fusarium Sp, Alternaria Sp, Cladesporium Sp, Gliocladium Sp. and Trichotecium Sp. were the most frequently detected microorganisms respectively. The presence of moulds sue as Aspergillus Sp, Penicillium Sp, Fusarium Sp, Alternaria Sp, Cladesporium Sp, Gliocladium Sp, and Trichotecium Sp. in consumer wheat samples can lead to the presence of harmful mycotoxins and then could result in serious toxicity and illness in humans. As the fungal contamination has a strong influence on the ultimate quality of wheat, wheat end products and food safety, more attention to the quality and safety of wheat and wheat stored places are necessary

Fungal contamination of consumed tea in East Azarbaidjan Province

Information on the fungal contamination of consumer tea is limited and this kind of contamination is important for food and therefore a survey was undertaken to determine the fungal contamination of consumer tea in East Azarbaidjan province. A total of 100 samples were obtained using standard 20 cm collection sond from whole sales and stores in different part of East Azarbaidjan province and examined according standards methods, Samples were cultured in YCFA medium and incubated at 25oC for maximum 3 weeks and a screening survey for positive samples was carried out 73 [73%] out of total 100 samples had fungal contamination more than 104 colony forming units/gram [cfu/g], Aspergillus niger, Penicillium Sp, Fusarium Sp, Asergillus fumigatus, Alternaria Sp, Cladesporium Sp, Mucor Sp, Gliocladium Sp and Trichotecium Sp were the most frequently detected microorganisms throughout the survey respectively. The presence of moulds such as Aspergillus Sp, Penicillium Sp, Fusarium Sp, Alternaria Sp, Cladesporium Sp, Mucor Sp, Gliocladium Sp and Trichotecium Sp in consumer tea can lead to the presence of harmful mycotoxins produced by these moulds and then could result in serious toxicity and illness in humans, As the fungal contamination has a strong influence on the ultimate quality of tea, tea end products and food safety, more attention to the quality and safety of tea are necessary

Studies on purification and properties of antagonistic protein from bacteria SS02 of Paenibacillus daejeonensis / 生物工程学报

The antifungal, anti-bacterical, anti-brine shrimp activities of SD22 isolated from Paenibacillus daejeonensis Bacteria SS02 were studied. The separation steps included ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration and (NH4)2SO4 fractional precipitation, further purification was performed by SephadexG-75 and DEAE-32 chromatography. Its molecular weight determined by SDS-PAGE was 56.0 kD and its isoelectfic point was 6.4. SD22 was thermostable to some extent and stable to ultraviolet, but sensitive to some of the enzyme. SD22 could kill most pathogens from propagation, such as Rhizoctonia cerealis, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Physalospora piricala, Trichodema viride, Gliocladium viride, Curvularia leaf spot, Fusarium sp, Fusarium head blight, Beauveria Bassiana, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis , Candidal vaginitis, Fusarium oxysporum Schl. emend. Sayder & Hansem et al. The results will be helpful to find out a novel antifungal protein.

Descriptive Reports on Some Soil-Inhabiting Fungi in Korea

During the study of microbial structures in root-regions of tomato and red pepper from fields, various soil-inhabiting fungi were isolated with the dilution plate technique. Among them an ascomycete, Emericellopsis mirabilis and three hyphomycetes, Gliocladium solani, Humicola veronae and Verticillium chlamydosporium are presented for the first time in Korea along with Talaromyces trachyspermus, Chaetomium globosum and Doratomyces microsporus.

Biocontrol Effect of Gliocladium virens G1 and Soil Amendment on Astragal Stem Rot Caused by Rhizoctonia solani

In order to find an environment-friendly method to suppress astragal stem rot caused by the isolates of Rhizoctonia solani AG 1 and AG 4, we tested an antagonistic fungus Gliocladium virens G1 was evaluated as a biocontrol agent and estimated inorganic compounds and organic materials were tested for their effect of the disease suppression. G. virens G1 effectively inhibited mycelial growth in a dual culture and caused mycelial lysis in the culture filtrate. No adverse effect was observed when examined for seed germination and seedling growth. Promoted seedling growth was observed with the seed treatment. Seeds of astragal plant were germinated higher in the sterile soil than the natural soil. Of 14 inorganics tested, alum, aluminum sulfate and calcium oxide significantly suppressed the mycelial growth and sclerotial germination. Milled pine bark and oak sawdust also suppressed the mycelial growth. Soil amended with 1% of G. virens G1 composted with pine bark (w/v) significantly controlled astragal stem rot in the glasshouse experiments.

Gliotoxin induces the Apoptosis in HL-60 Cells / 대한면역학회지

Many fungi including Penicillium, Aspergillus, Gliocladium, and Thermoascus produce an epipolythiodioxopiperazine class of fungal metabolite, gliotoxin, which contirbutes the pathogenesis of fungal infection as an immunomodulator and cytotoxic agent. This study is designed to define the mechanism by which gliotoxin exerts the cytotoxic effect of gliotoxin on human promyelocytic leukemic cells, HL-60. Gliotoxin induces the apoptosis of HL-60 cells which is characterized by the ladder pattern fragmentation of DNA. Gliotoxin induces the activation of DEVD-specific cysteine protease in a time- and dose-dependent rnanner. It also increases the phosphotransferase activities of c-Jun N-terminal kinase1 (JNK1) and p38 in gliotoxin-treated HL-60 cells. Furthermore, gliotoxin decreases the activation of transcriptional activator, actiating protein (AP-1) and NF-kB. These results suggest that gliotoxin induces the apoptotic death of HL-60 cells via activation of DEVD- specific caspase as well as mitogen activated protein kinases (MAP kinases) including JNK1 and p38, and inhibition of transcriptional activators, AP-1 and NF-kB.

Studies of the Population of Ait - Borne Fungi in the Hospital / 대한피부과학회지

The air-borne fungi are usually considered to be as non-pathogenic and saprophytic organisms. However, those can be causative factors of certain allergic disease, and produce mycotoxic diseases such as caused by aflatoxin B1,or opportunistic infections, since various kinds of antitumor agents and adrenocorticosteroids have been introduced to therapeutics, and those who are affected some malignant tumors or metabolic anomalous diseases. As the first step toward. understanding and controlling the diseases, the studies on the population of air-borne fungi seem to be necessary. Authors studied the fluctuations of population of air-borne fungi at monthly intervals from June 1974 through May 1975 and at various times of the day at different places in th hospital, and the results obtained were as follows: 1. The identified fungi species and the percentage of colony counts of each species were Hormodendrum sp. (37. 2% ), Penicillium sp. (18. 8% ), Aspergillus sp, (17. 6 % ), Alternaria sp. (6.3 %), Mycelia sterila (2.6 %), Paecilomyces sp. (1.2 %) RhodO torula sp. (1. 1 % ), Oospora, sp. (0, 7 % ), Rhizopus sp. (0. 6 %. ), Geotrichum sp. (0.4%), Monilia sp. (0.4%), Mucor sp. (0.4%), Trichoderma sp. (0.4%.), Trichosporon sp. (0. 1%), Stemphylium sp. (0. 1 % ), Helminthosporium sp. (0. 1%) Gliocladium sp. (0. 1,: ), Saccharomyces sp. (0. 1 % ), Trichothecium sp. (0. 03 % ), and other unknown species(11. 6%) in decreasing order of frequency. 2. The monthly fluctuations of number of cultured colonies of four major airborne fungi (Hormodendrum, Penicillium. Aspergillus, and Alternaria) were 649 in June, 105 in July, 372 in August, 431 in September, 188 in October, 241 in November and 89 in December 1974, and 92 in January, 115 in February, 77 in March, 178 in April and 116 in May 1975. 3. It was suggested that there might be a relationship among the humidity, the temperature and the population of the air-borne fungi because the abrupt drop in July seemed to be related to high level of tbe,humidity (86.8%) and the temyerature (24. 3'C). And since the total number of colonies decreased markedly in December 1974 and Junuary 1975, it seemed to be closely related to cold weather temperature. 4. The number of cultured colonies at various times of the day did not show much fluctuation, except that Aspergillus sp. showed sudden tremendous increase at. one occasion, at 3: 00 P.M. on 15th of June and that gradual increase of Hormodendrum sp. was noted on another occasion from 12: 00 A.M. on 15th of September. 5. With regard to the locations of sampling, such as the operating room, laboratory, ward and out-patient department in the hospital, the difference in the identified. fungi species, the number of colony counts and the relationship with the humidity A the temperature was not evident. Authors reviewed relevant literatures and made discussions also.